Biotin-Vitamin H

Vitamins and minerals are essential nutrients, and played an important role, bodily functions. Biotin is a vitamin B source, sometimes also known as vitamin H. It is actually a cooperative, which is necessary for proper metabolism of fatty acids, leucine, and carbohydrate enzyme. Bacteria present in our intestines can produce biotin, and it can also be obtained from food sources such as vegetables, beans, brown bread, egg yolks, nuts, oats, oysters, molasses, banana, wheat germ, brewer’s yeast, mushrooms, white the meat, peanuts.
All the vitamins and minerals essential for the normal functioning of the body systems. Biotin vitamins, such as vitamins, helps to increase the rate of metabolism. Please carefully read and understand the benefits of this vitamin overdose and adverse effects. Explore facts biotin and hair growth.
Side effects of biotin
Research involving pregnant rats, the excess biotin pregnant mice can lead to abortion. More research is needed to prove it with the human. Before that, pregnant or lactating women and children, should be in accordance with the recommended dose, only take these supplements. The impact in the study of high doses of biotin and vitamin B5, the researchers found that this type of an excess may cause a life-threatening condition called the eosinophils pleuropericardial effusion. The patient’s condition improved after the patients stopped taking biotin and vitamin B5. The exact cause of life-threatening situations is still unknown.
Biotin few side effects noted. Supplemental biotin overdose or long-term use may lead to increased side effects such as skin infections and rashes, slowing the release of insulin, blood sugar, increase vitamin C and vitamin B6 requirements.
Dermatitis, hair loss, brittle nails, loss of appetite, lethargy, low metabolism, muscle pain, hallucinations, depression, insomnia, decreased immunity, some of the symptoms of biotin deficiency. Long-term intake of antibiotics and certain medical conditions, may lead to a lack of this vitamin. Under normal circumstances, people follow a healthy diet, do not develop these inadequacies. If you need to take biotin supplements, you should consult your doctor for the proper dose. Biotin in diabetic patients
It has been observed, diagnosed with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or type 2 diabetes often suffer from biotin deficiency. Therefore, biotin supplement can prove that this is beneficial. Vitamins also help reduce the circumstances experienced by the patients with diabetes, uncontrolled diabetic neuropathy opportunities.
Strong hair and nails
In addition to carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals, has played an important role in maintaining your health. Regular and adequate supply of biotin helps to strengthen your hair. Why trichologists recommended this vitamin for strong hair? Biotin or vitamin H is the opportunity to reduce the development of dry hair. By increasing the elasticity of the hair cortex, which reduces the chance of breakage of the hair. It can stimulate new healthy cells in the formation of hair balls, and promote their split. It also helps prevent the nail thin or split. You can have enough biotin, with a strong and healthy nails.
Glowing skin
Many skin care products containing biotin, because it helps to prevent dry skin. The regular intake of vitamin D can help you enjoy a smooth, supple skin. In addition, it can be used for the treatment of skin conditions, for example, cradle cap, or seborrheic dermatitis.
Other benefits
Biotin intake can help prevent muscle problems such as muscle cramps or weakened muscles. Because it can promote the metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates, to help increase the rate of metabolism, thus promoting weight loss.
The biotin-rich food consumption does not cause any side effects, but excessive supplement biotin may cause side effects. Take biotin supplements are often likely to suffer from too much biotin in their body, if they do not abide by the instructions of the doctors, their dose.
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History of Biotin

History of Biotin
1901  Wildiers discovers that yeast requires a special growth factor which he names “bios”. Over the next 30 years, bios proves to be a mixture of essential factors, one of which – bios IIB – is biotin.

1916  Bateman observes the detrimental effect of feeding high doses of raw egg white to animals.

1927  Boas confirms the findings of dermatosis and hair loss in rats fed with raw egg white. She shows that this egg white injury can be cured by a “protective factor X” found in the liver.

1931  Gy?rgy also discovers this factor in the liver and calls it vitamin H (from Haut, the German word for skin).

1933  Allison and coworkers isolate a respiratory coenzyme – coenzyme R – that is essential for the growth of Rhizobium, a nitrogen-fixing bacterium found in leguminous plants.

1935  K?gl and T?nnis extract a crystalline growth factor from dried egg yolk and suggest the name ‘biotin’.

1940  Gy?rgy and his associates conclude that biotin, vitamin H and coenzyme R are identical. They also succeed in isolating biotin from the liver.

1942  K?gl and his group in Europe and du Vigneaud and his associates in the USA establish the structure of biotin.

1942  Sydenstricker and colleagues demonstrate the need for biotin in the human diet.

1943  Total synthesis of biotin by Harris and colleagues in the USA.

1949  Goldberg and Sternbach develop a technique for the industrial production of biotin.

1956  Traub confirms the structure of biotin by X-ray analysis.

1959  Lynen’s group describes the biological function of biotin and paves the way for further studies on the carboxylase enzymes.

1971  First description of an inborn error of biotin-dependent carboxylase metabolism by Gompertz and associates.

1981  Burri and her colleagues show that the early infantile form of multiple carboxylase deficiency is due to a mutation affecting holocarboxylase synthetase activity.

1993  Wolf and coworkers suggest that late-onset multiple carboxylase deficiency results from a deficiency in biotinidase activity.

What Is Difference Between D-Biotin and Biotin？

Biotin is a water-soluble B-complex vitamin involved in a variety of human metabolic processes. Eight possible stereoisomers of biotin exist. Stereoisomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms, but differ in the three-dimensional orientation of their atoms in space. D-+-biotin is the only stereoisomer found in nature, and it is the only stereoisomer that is enzymatically active.
Structure of Biotin
Biotin has the chemical formula C10H16N2O3S1, so it contains 10 carbon atoms, 16 hydrogen atoms, two nitrogen atoms, three oxygen atoms and one sulfur atom for every one molecule of biotin.

These molecules are arranged in a bi-cyclic, or two-ring structure. One ring of biotin contains a ureido, or -N-CO-N- group, and the other ring contains a sulfur atom as part of the tetrahydrothiophene ring.

Biotin has three chiral carbons and can therefore exist in eight different stereoisomer forms; biotin, epibiotin in cis form, allobiotin, and epialloboiotin in trans form, in both D(+) and L(-) forms. Only the D-(+) biotin stereoisomer is physiologically active.

Alternative Names
Because D-biotin is the only naturally occurring isomer, it is often used synonymously with the simple term, biotin, which is also known as Vitamin B-7, Vitamin H or Coenzyme-R.

The formal chemical name of biotin is hexahydro-2-oxo-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-pentanoic acid, but it is also known as beta-Alanine, N-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethyl-1-oxobutyl)-, monosodium salt, (R)-; Sodium D-Pantothenate; Vitamin H（58-85-5）; Hexahydro-2-oxo-, [3aS-(3a alpha,4beta, 6a alpha)]- 1H-Thieno[3,4-d]imidazole-4-pentanoic acid; Biopeiderm, as well as d-cis-tetrahydro-2-oxothieno [3,4]-imidazoline-4-valeric acid.

Physical Properties
D-Biotin exists as a white, or off-white, crystalline powder, and sometimes also as a colorless crystal. It has a molecular weight of 244.31. It is water soluble and insoluble in organic solvents. It has a melting temperature of 444 to 451 degrees Fahrenheit, at which point, it decomposes.

Function
Biotin acts as a co-enzyme in four different carboxylase enzymes of the body: acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, b-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate carboxylate. These enzyme complexes play a role in the metabolism of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.
Biotin is also involved in making glucose and some amino acids and may play a role in DNA replication as it interacts with the DNA binding proteins known as histones.
Dietary Sources
Humans cannot make biotin, although there is some controversy as to whether enteric bacteria can make biotin for human use. Notwithstanding that possibility, biotin still must be taken in from dietary sources. Fortunately, biotin is widely available in a variety of food sources, and biotin deficiencies are quite rare. The richest source of biotin can be found in yeast, liver and kidneys, as well as egg yolks, soybeans, nuts and cereals.